Select the first letter of the word from the list above

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z #

- A -

Absorb - To take up or receive by chemical or molecular action.

Acid A material with pH of less than 7.0.

Acute Exposure - A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time.

Acute Toxicity - The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. (See: Chronic Toxicity.)

Aerosol - A suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas.

Alar - Trade name for daminozide, a pesticide that makes apples redder, firmer, and less likely to drop off trees before growers are ready to pick them. It is also used to a lesser extent on peanuts, tart cherries, concord grapes, and other fruits.

Aldicarb - An insecticide sold under the trade name Temik. It is made from ethyl isocyanate.

Algicide - Substance or chemical used specifically to kill or control algae.

Aromatic - A type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic.

Asbestos - A mineral fiber than can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction.

Asbestos Abatement: - Procedures to control fiber release from asbestos-containing materials in a building or to remove them entirely, including removal, encapsulation, repair, enclosure, encasement, and operations and maintenance programs.

Asbestosis - A disease associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease makes breathing progressively more difficult and can be fatal.

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- B -

Bioaccumulants - Substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted. (See: Biological Magnification.)

Biological Magnification - Refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain.

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- C -

Cadmium (Cd) - A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, mirex, hexachloride, and toxaphene. Other examples include TCE, used as an industrial solvent.

Chlorinated Solvent - An organic solvent containing chlorine atoms, e.g., methylene chloride and 1,1,1-trichloromethane, used in aerosol spray containers and in highway paint.

Chlorination - The application of chlorine to drinking water, sewage, or industrial waste to disinfect or to oxidize undesirable compounds.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - A family of inert, nontoxic, and easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone.

Chronic Effect - An adverse effect on a human or animal in which symptoms recur frequently or develop slowly over a long period of time.

Combustible - A material having a flashpoint higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) - In 1980, CERCLA established a $1.6 billion fund, derived primarily from feedstock taxes on industry, to implement a massive environmental cleanup program over a five-year period. Generators were required to report to the EPA any facility at which hazardous wastes are, or have been, treated, stored, or disposed. The intent was to identify and clean up hazardous waste sites first, and then to litigate to recover costs. This law gave EPA strong powers to encourage private parties (PRPs) to clean up sites.

Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators (CESQG) - Persons or enterprises which produce less than 220 pounds of hazardous waste per month. Exempt from most regulation, they are required merely to determine whether their waste is hazardous, notify appropriate state or local agencies, and ship it by permitted facility for proper disposal. (See: Small Quantity Generator.)

Contaminant - Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water, or soil.

Contamination - Introduction into water, air and soil of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. Also applies to surfaces or objects and buildings, and various household and agricultural use products.

Corrosive Wastes -Corrosive Wastes are aqueous wastes with a pH below 2 or above 12.5, or which corrode steel at a rate in excess of 0.25 inches per year. Corrosive wastes are classified as EPA Hazardous Waste No. D002.

Cradle-to-Grave or Manifest System -A procedure in which hazardous materials are identified and followed as they are produced, treated, transported, and disposed of by a series of permanent, linkable, descriptive documents (e.g., manifests). Commonly referred to as the cradle-to-grave system.

Cumulative Exposure -The summation of exposures of an organism to a chemical over a period of time.

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- D -

Detergent -Synthetic washing agent that helps to remove dirt and oil. Some contain compounds which kill useful bacteria and encourage algae growth when they are in wastewater that reaches receiving waters.

Diazinon -An insecticide. In 1986, EPA banned its use on open areas such as sod farms and golf courses because it posed a danger to migratory birds. The ban did not apply to agricultural, hoe lawn or commercial establishment uses

Dioxin - Any of a family of compounds known chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. Concern about them arises from their potential toxicity and contaminants in commercial products. Tests on laboratory animals indicate that it is one of the more toxic manmade compounds.

Disinfectant -A chemical or physical process that kills pathogenic organisms in water. Chlorine is often used to disinfect sewage treatment effluent, water supplies, wells, and swimming pools.

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- E -

Ecology - The relationship of living things to one another and their environment, or the study of such relationships.

Ecosystem - The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings.

Emergency (Chemical) - A situation created by an accidental release or spill of hazardous chemicals that poses a threat to the safety or workers, residents, the environment, or property.

Emergency Response Values - Concentrations of chemicals, published by various groups, defining acceptable levels for short-term exposures in emergencies.

Enforcement - EPA, state, or local legal actions to obtain compliance with environmental laws, rules, regulations, or agreements and/or obtain penalties or criminal sanctions for violations. Enforcement procedures may vary, depending on the requirements of different environmental laws and related implementing regulations. Under CERCLA, for example, EPA will seek to require potentially responsible parties to clean up a Superfund site, or pay for the cleanup, whereas under the Clean Air Act the agency may invoke sanctions against the cities failing to meet ambient air quality standards that could prevent certain types of construction or federal funding. In other situations, if investigations by EPA and state agencies uncover willful violations, criminal trials and penalties are sought.

Environment - The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism.

Explosive Limits - The amounts of vapor in the air that form explosive mixtures; limits are expressed as lower and upper limits and give the range of vapor concentrations in air that will explode if an ignition source is present.

Extremely Hazardous Substances - Any of 406 chemicals identified by EPA as toxic, and listed under SARA Title III. The list is subject to periodic revision.

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- F -

Flammable - A material having a flashpoint lower than 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Formaldehyde - A colorless, pungent, and irritating gas, CH20, is used chiefly as a disinfectant and preservative and in synthesizing other compounds like resins.

Friable - Capable of being crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure.

Friable Asbestos - Any material containing more than one percent asbestos, and that can be crumbled or reduced to powder by hand pressure. (May include previously non-friable material which becomes broken or damaged by mechanical force.)

Fungicide -Pesticides which are used to control, deter, or destroy fungi.

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- G -

Germicide - Any compound that kills disease-causing microorganisms.

Glovebag - A polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride bag-like enclosure affixed around an asbestos-containing source (most often thermal system insulation) permitting the material to be removed while minimizing release of airborne fibers in the surrounding atmosphere.

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- H -

Half-Life - 1. The time required for a pollutant to lose half its effect on the environment. For example, the biochemical half-life of DDT in the environment is 15 years. The half-life of Radium is 1,580 years. 2. The time required for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to undergo self-transmutation or decay. 3. The time required for elimination of one-half a total dose from the body.

Halon - Bromine-containing compounds with long atmospheric lifetimes whose breakdown in the stratosphere causes depletion of ozone. Halons are used in firefighting.

Hazard Communication Standard - An OSHA regulation that requires chemical manufacturers, suppliers, and importers to assess the hazards of the chemicals that they make, supply or import, and to inform employers, customers, and workers of these hazards through MSDS sheets.

Hazard Evaluation - A component of risk evaluation that involves gathering and evaluating data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and on the conditions of exposure under which such health effects are produced.

Hazard Identification - Determining if a chemical can cause adverse health effects in humans and what those effects might be.

Hazardous Air Pollutants - Air pollutants which are not covered by ambient air quality standards but which, as defined in the Clean Air Act, may reasonably be expected to cause or contribute to irreversible illness or death. Such pollutants include asbestos, beryllium, mercury, benzene, coke oven emissions, radionuclides, and vinyl chloride.

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA) - A detailed statute that amended RCRA and which, among other things, included minimal technical requirements for land disposal facilities and specified standards for the issuance of permits, penalties for violating the law, and controls on underground storage tanks.

Hazardous Chemical - An EPA designation for any hazardous material requiring an MSDS under OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard. Such substances are capable of producing fires and explosions or adverse health effects like cancer and dermatitis. Hazardous chemicals are distinct from hazardous waste (See: Hazardous Waste.)

Hazardous Materials Response (Haz-Mat Team): An organized group of employees, designated by the employer, who are expected to perform work to handle and control actual or potential leaks or spills of hazardous substances requiring possible close approach to the substance. The team members perform responses to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances for the purpose of control or stabilization of the incident. A haz-mat team is not a fire brigade, nor is a typical fire brigade a haz-mat team; however, it may be a separate component of a fire brigade or fire department.

Hazardous Waste: By-products of society that can pose a substantial or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed. Possesses at least one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or appears on special EPA lists. Hazardous waste, because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infections characteristics may (1) cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or (2) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed. The EPA is responsible for regularly updating the lists of hazardous wastes.

Heavy Metals - Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e.g., mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead; can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain.

Herbicide - A chemical pesticide designed to control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.

Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) - A wide range of household products, including pesticides and herbicides, oil-based paints and stains, automobile fluids (antifreeze, motor oil, transmission, steering and brake fluids, gasoline), batteries (automotive and household), pool chemicals, hobby chemicals, darkroom chemicals, and small quantities of asbestos, which have the characteristics of hazardous waste when discarded. Federal law specifically exempts household hazardous waste from regulation. Nevertheless, some local and state governments have implemented programs to educate the public about household hazardous waste and to operate waste collection programs.

Hydrocarbons (HC) - Chemical compounds that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrogen Sulfide (HS) - Gas emitted during organic decomposition. Also a byproduct of oil refining and burning. Smells like rotten eggs and, in heavy concentration, can kill or cause illness.

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- I -

Identification Code or EPA I.D. Number - The unique code assigned to each generator, transporter, and treatment, storage, or disposal facility by regulating agencies to facilitate identification and tracking of chemicals or hazardous waste.

Ignitable Wastes - Liquids with a flashpoint below 60 degrees Centigrade, or solids capable of causing fire under standard temperature and pressure. Ignitable wastes are assigned an EPA Hazardous Waste No. D001.

Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) - The maximum level to which a healthy individual can be exposed to a chemical for 30 minutes and escape without suffering irreversible health effects or impairing symptoms. Used as a "level of concern." (See: Level of Concern.)

Incineration - A treatment technology involving destruction of waste by controlled burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning sludge to remove the water and reduce the remaiing residues to a safe, non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely on land, in some waters, or in underground locations.

Industrial Source Reduction - Practices that reduce the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment. Also reduces the threat to public health and the environment associated with such releases. The term includes equipment or technology modifications, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training or inventory control.

Infectious Waste - Hazardous waste with infectious characteristics, including: contaminated animal waste; human blood and blood products; isolation waste; pathological waste; and discarded sharps (needles, scalpels or broken medical instruments.)

Insecticide - A pesticide compound specifically used to kill or prevent the growth of insects.

Irritant - A substance that can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, or respiratory system. Effects may be acute from a single high-level exposure, or chronic from repeated low-level exposures to such compounds as chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid.

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- L -

Large Quantity Generator -Person or facility generating more than 2200 pounds of hazardous waste per month. Such generators produce about 90 percent of the nation’s hazardous waste, and are subject to all RCRA requirements.

LC50/Lethal Concentration -Median level concentration, a standard measure of toxicity. It tells how much of a substance is needed to kill half of a group of experimental organisms in a given time. (See: LD50.)

LD50/Lethal Dose -The dose of a toxicant that will kill 50 percent of the test organisms within a designated period. The lower the LD50 the more toxic the compound.

Leachate - Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feed lots, and landfills, and may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil.

Lead (Pb) - A heavy metal that is hazardous to health if breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. (See: Heavy Metals.)

Level of Concern (LOC) -The concentration in air of an extremely hazardous substance above which there may be serious immediate health effects to anyone exposed to it for short periods.

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) - The concentration of a compound in air below which the mixture will not catch on fire.

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- M -

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) - A compilation of information required under the OSHA Communication Standard on the identity of hazardous chemicals, health, and physical hazards, exposure limits, and precautions. Section 311 of SARA requires facilities to submit MSDSs under certain circumstances.

Medical Waste - Any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals, excluding hazardous waste identified or listed under 40 CFR Part 261 or any household waste as defined in 40 CFR Subsection 261.4(b)(1).

Methane - A colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas created by anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds.

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- N -

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) - NIOSH is an agency of the Health and Human Services Department. NIOSH was founded in 1970 as part of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and is tasked with research and recommendation of health and safety standard. NIOSH has no enforcement capacities, but supplies the enforcement agency, OSHA, with research and technical resources. NIOSH has been heavily involved with development of standards and guidelines for workers on hazardous waste sites.

Nonfriable Asbestos-Containing Materials - Any material containing more than one percent asbestos (as determined by Polarized Light Microscopy) that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure.

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- O -

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) - This 1970 act addresses health and safety in the workplace. It created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA) at the same time that the EPA was created. The OSHA law requires the new agency to promulgate standards such that "no employee will suffer material impairment of health or functional capacity even if ... [exposed] ... for the period of his working life." The OSHA law covers all industrial operations, including hazardous waste TSD facilities.

Oil Spill - An accidental or intentional discharge of oil which reaches bodies of water. Can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, and/or adsorption. Spills from tanks and pipelines can also occur away from water bodies, contaminating the soil, getting into sewer systems and threatening underground water sources.

On-Site Facility - A hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal area that is located on the generating site.

Oxidant - A substance containing oxygen that reacts chemically in air to produce a new substance; the primary ingredient of photochemical smog.

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- P -

Paraquat - A standard herbicide used to kill various types of crops, including marijuana.

Pathogens - Microorganisms that can cause disease in other organisms or in humans, animals and plants (e.g., bacteria, viruses, or parasites) found in sewage, in runoff from farms or rural areas populated with domestic and wild animals, and in water used for swimming. Fish and shellfish contaminated by pathogens, or the contaminated water itself, can cause serious illness.

Pesticide - Substances or mixtures thereof intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Also, any substance or mixture intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

Pesticide Tolerance - The amount of pesticide residue allowed by law to remain in or on a harvested crop. EPA sets these levels well below the point where the compounds might be harmful to consumers.

Phenols - Organic compounds that are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and textile, dye and resin manufacturing. Low concentrations cause taste and odor problems in water; higher concentrations can kill aquatic life and humans.

Phosphates - Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus.

Phosphorus - An essential chemical food element that can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphorus-containing materials into surfact waters.

Point Source - A stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged; any single identifiable source of pollution, e.g., a pipe, ditch, ship, ore pit, factory smokestack.

Pollutant - Generally, any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness of a resource.

Pollution - Generally, the presence of matter or energy whose nature, location, or quantity produces undesired environmental effects. Under the Clean Water Act, for example, the term is defined as the manmade or man-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of water.

Pollution Prevention - The active process of identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste by-products for the purpose of substitution, alteration, or elimination of the process to prevent waste generation.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - A tough, environmetally indestructible plastic that releases hydrochloric acid when burned.

Propellant - Liquid in a self-pressurized pesticide product that expels the active ingredient from its container.

Pyrolysis - Decomposition of a chemical by extreme heat.

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- R -

Reactive Wastes - Reactive wastes are normally unstable, react violently with air or water, or form potentially explosive mixtures with water. This category also includes wastes that emit toxic fumes when mixed with water, and materials capable of detonation. Reactive wastes are classified as EPA Hazardous Waste No. D003.

Regulated Medical Waste - Under the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988, any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. Included are cultures and stocks of infectious agents; human blood and blood products; human pathological body waste from surgery and autopsy; contaminated animal carcasses from medical research; waste from patients with communicable diseases; and all used sharp implements, such as needles and scalpels, etc., and certain unused sharps.

Release - Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of a hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous substance.

Remediation - 1. Cleanup or other methods used to remove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous material from a Superfund site; 2. For the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response program, abatement methods including evaluation, repair, enclosure, encapsulation, or removal of greater than 3 linear feet or square feet of asbestos-containing materials from a building.

Reportable Quantity (RQ) - Quantity of a hazardous substance that triggers reports under CERCLA. If a substance exceeds its RQ, the release must be reported to the National Response Center, the SERC, and community emergency coordinators for areas likely to be affected.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 provided for a significant federal role in the management of hazardous waste. Adopted as a series of amendments to the Solid Waste Act of 1965, RCRA set up a separate Office of Solid Waste within the EPA. This office was charged with establishing a comprehensive regulatory program ranging from identifying which wastes are hazardous to establishing a manifest system for tracking wastes. A major consequence of RCRA was to hold generators responsible for the wastes they produced from "cradle to grave." Under the cradle-to-grave concept, a generator of hazardous waste could no longer avoid liability by contracting with a third party to dispose of the waste. Even if it could be shown that the waste was mishandled through the actions of a third party, the original generator would remain liable for improper disposal. This forced generators to be very careful in the selection of the disposal companies they utilize.

Resource Recovery - The process of obtaining matter or energy from materials formerly discarded.

Reuse - Using a product or component of municipal solid waste in its original form more than once, e.g., refilling a glass bottle that has been returned or using a coffee can to hold nuts and bolts.

Rodenticide - A chemical or agent used to destroy rats and other rodent pests, or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, etc.

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- S -

Sharps - Hypodermic needles, syringes (with or without the attached needle), Pasteur pipettes, scalpel blades, blood vials, needles with attached tubing, and culture dishes used in animal or human patient care or treatment, or in medical, research or industrial laboratories. Also included are other types of broken or unbroken glassware that were in contact with infectious agents, such as used slides and cover slips, and unused hypodermic and suture needles, syringes, and scalpel blades.

Signal Words - The words used on a pesticide label -- Danger, Warning, Caution -- to indicate level of toxicity.

Small Quantity Generator (SQG -- sometimes referred to as "Squeegee") - Persons or enterprises that produce 220 - 2200 pounds per month of hazardous waste; are required to keep more records than conditionally exempt generators. The largest category of hazardous waste generators, SQGs include automotive shops, dry cleaners, photographic developers, and a host of other small businesses. (See: Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators).

Solid Waste - Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances. Solid wastes also include sewage sludge, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, and mining residues. Technically, solid waste also refers to liquids and gases in containers.

Special Waste - Items such as household hazardous waste, bulky wastes (refrigerators, pieces of furniture, etc.), tires, and used oil.

Superfund - The term used to refer to both CERCLA and SARA and the cleanup program they mandated

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) - Following nearly two years of debate, SARA was passed in the final days of the 99th Congress in 1986. This statute was a complete rewrite of CERCLA and is four times as long. SARA created an $8.5 billion fund for cleaning up abandoned waste disposal sites and an additional $500 million for cleaning up leaking underground petroleum tanks.

Surfactant - A detergent compound that promotes lathering.

Systemic Pesticide - A chemical absorbed by an organism that makes the organism toxic to pests.

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Toxic Chemical - Any chemical listed in EPA rules as "Toxic Chemicals Subject to Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986."

Toxic Chemical Use Substitution - Replacing toxic chemicals with less harmful chemicals in industrial processes.

Toxic Cloud - Airborne plume of gases, vapors, fumes, or aerosols containing toxic materials.

Toxic Pollutants - Materials that cause death, disease, or birth defects in organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and exposures necessary to cause these effects can vary widely.

Toxic Substance - A chemical or mixture that may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment.

Toxic Waste - A waste that can produce injury if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) - A stable, low boiling point, colorless liquid -- toxic if inhaled. Used as a solvent or metal degreasing agent, and in other industrial applications.

Trihalomethane (THM) - One of a family of organic compounds named as derivative of methane. THMs are generally by-products of chlorination of drinking water that contains organic material.

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Vinyl Chloride - A chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to be oncogenic

Volatile - Any substance that evaporates readily.

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